Phenotypic spectrum of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
Heart failure (HF) is a common clinical syndrome with high morbidity and mortality and one
that is increasing in prevalence with the aging population. 1–4 Regardless of underlying
ejection fraction (EF), HF is a heterogeneous syndrome. 5–7 HF is the result of 1 or more risk
factors that lead to abnormal cardiac structure and function, which ultimately cause reduced
cardiac output and/or elevated cardiac filling pressures at rest or with exertion. 1 Although
HF with reduced EF (HFrEF) can be heterogeneous in etiology, chronic HFrEF Disclosures …
that is increasing in prevalence with the aging population. 1–4 Regardless of underlying
ejection fraction (EF), HF is a heterogeneous syndrome. 5–7 HF is the result of 1 or more risk
factors that lead to abnormal cardiac structure and function, which ultimately cause reduced
cardiac output and/or elevated cardiac filling pressures at rest or with exertion. 1 Although
HF with reduced EF (HFrEF) can be heterogeneous in etiology, chronic HFrEF Disclosures …